Regular duties
As President of the Senate (
Article I, Section 3, Clause 4), the vice president oversees procedural matters and may
cast a tie-breaking vote. There is a strong convention within the
U.S. Senate that the vice president should not use their position as President of the Senate to influence the passage of legislation or act in a partisan manner, except in the case of breaking tie votes. As President of the Senate,
John Adams cast twenty-nine
tie-breaking votes, a record no successor except
John C. Calhoun ever threatened. Adams's votes protected the president's sole authority over the removal of appointees, influenced the location of the national capital, and prevented war with
Great Britain. On at least one occasion Adams persuaded senators to vote against legislation he opposed, and he frequently addressed the Senate on procedural and policy matters. Adams's political views and his active role in the Senate made him a natural target for critics of
George Washington's administration. Toward the end of his first term, a threatened resolution that would have silenced him except for procedural and policy matters caused him to exercise more restraint in hopes of seeing his election as President of the United States.
Formerly, the vice president would preside regularly over Senate proceedings, but in modern times, the vice president rarely presides over day-to-day matters in the Senate; in their place, the Senate chooses a
President pro tempore (or "president for a time") to preside in the vice president's absence; the Senate normally selects the longest-serving senator in the majority party. The President pro tempore has the power to appoint any other senator to preside, and in practice junior senators from the majority party are assigned the task of presiding over the Senate at most times.
Except for this tie-breaking role, the
Standing Rules of the Senate vest no significant responsibilities in the vice president.
Rule XIX, which governs debate, does not authorize the vice president to participate in debate, and grants only to members of the Senate (and, upon appropriate notice, former presidents of the United States) the privilege of addressing the Senate, without granting a similar privilege to the sitting vice president. Thus, as
Time magazine wrote during the controversial tenure of Vice President
Charles G. Dawes, "once in four years the Vice President can make a little speech, and then he is done. For four years he then has to sit in the seat of the silent, attending to speeches ponderous or otherwise, of deliberation or humor."
[16]
Recurring, infrequent duties
The President of the Senate also presides over counting and presentation of the votes of the
Electoral College. This process occurs in the presence of both houses of Congress, generally on January 6 of the year following a
U.S. presidential election.
[17] In this capacity, only four vice presidents have been able to announce their own election to the presidency:
John Adams,
Thomas Jefferson,
Martin Van Buren, and
George H. W. Bush. At the beginning of 1961, it fell to
Richard Nixon to preside over this process, which officially announced the election of his 1960 opponent,
John F. Kennedy. In 2001,
Al Gore announced the election of his opponent,
George W. Bush. In 1969, Vice President
Hubert Humphrey would have announced the election of his opponent, Richard Nixon; however, on the date of the Congressional joint session (January 6), Humphrey was in
Norway attending the funeral of
Trygve Lie, the first elected
Secretary-General of the
United Nations.
[18]
In 1933, incumbent Vice President
Charles Curtis announced the election of
House Speaker John Nance Garner as his successor, while Garner was seated next to him on the House dais.
The President of the Senate may also preside over most of the
impeachment trials of federal officers. However, whenever the
President of the United States is impeached, the US Constitution requires the
Chief Justice of the United States to preside over the Senate for the trial. The Constitution is silent as to the presiding officer in the instance where the vice president is the officer impeached.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#Regular_duties